Top 1. 0 Health Benefits of Chia Seeds . Today, they draw the interest of many people for their health benefits and uses in cooking.
It turns out chia seeds are a rich source of nutrients and antioxidants. Omega- 3 Fatty Acids. Chia seeds are rich in polyunsaturated fats, especially omega- 3 fatty acids. Chia seeds' lipid profile is composed of 6. ALA. The omega- 3s in chia seeds can help reduce inflammation, enhance cognitive performance and reduce high cholesterol. Fiber. Fiber is associated with reducing inflammation, lowering cholesterol and regulating bowel function. Chia seeds are an excellent source of fiber, with a whopping 1. That is one- third of the daily recommended intake of fiber per day. Antioxidants. Chia seeds are rich in antioxidants that help protect the body from free radicals, aging and cancer. The high antioxidant profile also helps them have a long shelf life. They last almost two years without refrigeration. Minerals. Two tablespoons of chia seeds contain 1. DRI for calcium, 3. These nutrients help you prevent hypertension and maintain a healthy weight, and are important for energy metabolism and a part of DNA synthesis. Satiety. Satiety is the feeling of being full and satisfied, which helps lower food cravings between meals. The combination of protein, fiber and the gelling action of chia seeds when mixed with liquids all contribute to their satiating effects. Gluten- Free. Chia seeds contain no gluten or grains. Fruit & Veggie Info Recently, somebody forwarded me an article from USA Today titled Stripping the Diet Raw, which featured the many benefits of following a raw food diet. Therefore, all of the nutritional benefits of chia seeds can be obtained on a gluten- free diet. Egg Replacer. The outer layer of chia seeds swells when mixed with liquids to form a gel. This can used in place of eggs to lower cholesterol and increase the nutrient content of foods and baked goods. To make the egg replacement, mix 1 tablespoon of chia seeds with 3 tablespoons of water and let sit for 1. Can Be Digested Whole. Unlike flaxseeds, which are also high in omega- 3 fatty acids, fiber and minerals, chia seeds do not need to be ground in order to obtain their nutrient or egg- replacement benefits. Dyslipidemia. A study published in the . The study also found that when substituting chia seeds for other fat sources, such as corn oil, the ALA was able to prevent high triglyceride levels and reduce central obesity. Blood Sugar Regulation. Chia seeds can play an important role in regulating insulin levels. They can reduce insulin resistance and decrease abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood. About the Author. Jen Hathwell is a registered dietitian based in California. She holds a Master of Science in nutrition from California State University, Los Angeles. Photo Creditsm- chin/i. Stock/Getty Images. Making Nutrient- Rich Choices for Your Diet. Healthy whole foods: you might know that you're supposed to eat them. 10 Ways to Get the Health Benefits of Chia Seeds in Your Diet by KRISTEN MANCINELLI MS, RD Last Updated: May 01, 2015.But do you really know what they are? Even for the health conscious, the phrase gets tangled up with other terms. Whole foods might be organic, or locally grown, or pesticide- free. But they aren't necessarily. The definition of healthy whole foods is much simpler. It's the difference between an apple and apple juice , or a baked potato and mashed potatoes. While whole foods might be associated with the upscale grocery store of the same name, they are available to all of us anywhere in the country. Most dietitians feel that eating healthy whole foods has all sorts of benefits. Their nutrients may help to keep your immune system strong and protect you from disease. Kaiser, Ph. D, community nutrition specialist in the department of nutrition at the University of California, Davis. Healthy Whole Foods. Many studies have found that a diet high in healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are associated with a reduced risk of diseases such as: So what's so good about healthy whole foods? For one, they're loaded with fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They also contain phytochemicals, the general name for natural compounds in plants. While thousands of individual phytochemicals have been identified, countless more remain unknown. They help in different ways. Some are antioxidants, which protect cells against damage. Examples of antioxidant phytochemicals are flavonoids, carotenoids, and lycopene. Continued. Usually, the term whole foods is confined to vegetables, fruits, and grains. But any dietitian will agree that eating a skinless chicken breast is preferable to eating processed chicken nuggets. One problem with processed food is that, during manufacture, many healthy nutrients are removed. For instance, . Some nutrients are lost, most significantly fiber. Then, during the enrichment process, nutrients may be artificially added back in. But even after enrichment, the final product is likely to be less nutritious than the whole grains you started with. The Synergy of Healthy Whole Foods. We know that when they're eaten in food, they have all sorts of health benefits. But studies of the single vitamins and minerals in supplement form have not shown the same success. We simply don't know all of the nutrients in a food that make it healthy. Avoiding Additives in Food. The nutrients lost during refinement are not the only disadvantage of eating processed foods. What's added can also be a problem. A lot of health conscious people are wary of the preservatives and chemicals that are added to processed and manufactured foods. You know - - the ones with the scary- sounding eight- syllable names. But in fact, Kaiser says that some of the worst food additives are household words. Continued. That leads to weight gain. But eating more healthy whole foods may actually help you maintain or lose weight. The natural fiber in many vegetables, fruits, and grains may fill you up without adding many calories, Gidus says. The Cost of Whole Foods. There's another bonus to eating healthy whole foods. Although the name may now be synonymous with that fancy grocery store, whole foods are much cheaper than processed foods. They're also available everywhere. It's hard to deny that popping a processed sandwich pocket in the microwave for three minutes is easier than cooking a proper meal with whole- food ingredients. But Gidus stresses that you don't need to cut out all processed foods. The goal is just to decrease the number of processed foods you eat and increase the proportion of healthy whole foods. That isn't hard, especially when it comes to snacks. The next time need something to tide you over, eat a handful of nuts or a piece of fruit instead. It's no harder than reaching for an energy bar - - you'll even be spared the labor of unwrapping it. The other key to a healthy diet is variety. It's easy to get caught up in the details - - the nutritional value of specific healthy whole foods, and exactly how much you need of each. But Gidus and Kaiser say the best advice is to relax and just eat a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Not only is it simple, but it's the best way to be sure you're getting all the nutrients you need. Kaiser, Ph. D, community nutrition specialist, department of nutrition, University of California, Davis. Department of Health and Human Services web site: .
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Gmail is email that's intuitive, efficient, and useful. 15 GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. Sections; Top Stories; Watch; U.S. International; Politics; Lifestyle; Entertainment; Virtual Reality; Health; Tech; Investigative; Sports; Weather; Shows. Discover Deli with a Difference! Established in 1932, Deli Brands of America has a tradition of quality and value that is unsurpassed.Your customers will taste the. Woman Suffering from Endometriosis Pens An Emotional Love Letter to Her Husband. Business News, Personal Finance and Money News. Four CA Regional Agritourism Summits in February & March. The University of California Small Farm Program and UC Cooperative Extension advisors in four California. Half Marathon Training Advice to Help You Tackle Your Next Half Marathon. The Texarkana Gazette is the premier source for local news and sports in Texarkana and the surrounding Arklatex areas. Make sure you're giving your body all it needs in the week leading up to an endurance event. Sports nutritionist, James Collins explains why by Wednesday your. The 7 Worst Foods for Your Belly . Carb- dense foods can alter the balance of our gut flora, triggering inflammation. Foods are considered carb- dense if they have a high ratio of carb grams relative to their weight. Discover eating well - with healthy recipes, healthy eating, healthy cooking, healthy diet recipes, weight loss recipes and healthy menus from EatingWell Magazine.A small potato, which many consider a bad carb, weighs 1. A plain rice cake, by contrast, weighs only nine grams, but almost 8. Found in: bagels, bread (including whole- grain breads), crackers, pasta, cereals, white rice, pretzels. Unhealthy Fatsi. Stock/Thinkstock. Three types of dietary fat are linked to inflammation and thus contribute to excess belly fat: trans fats, saturated fats, and omega- 6 fats. Found in: packaged foods (trans fats), processed and high- fat cuts of meat, full- fat dairy, some candy (saturated fat), corn oil, grape- seed oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil (omega- 6 fats). Milk and High- Lactose Dairy Foods. Zoonar/Thinkstock. One of the most cutting- edge components of the 2. Day Tummy is the avoidance of FODMAPs, or rapidly fermentable carbohydrates that can aggravate your gut. Lactose, found in all animal milks, is the best known FODMAP. Lactose is broken down in the small intestine by an enzyme called lactase.
Belly Fat: Best & Worst Foods. Do you know what to eat and what to avoid? This Is the Absolute Worst Weight-Loss Mistake You Can Make. Our bodies produce less lactase as we get older (since its main purpose is to help babies digest breast milk), which means dairy foods that contain lactose can torment our tummies over time even if they didn. Found in: milk, regular (non- Greek) yogurt, soft cheeses, dairy- based desserts. Content continues below ad. Excess Fructose (in Apples, Honey, Asparagus)i. Stockphoto/Thinkstock. Foods with a lot of fructose (another FODMAP) compared with glucose can contribute to gas, bloating, and diarrhea. A 2. 00. 8 study in the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology found that patients with IBS who followed a non- fructose diet had fewer symptoms. Found in: certain fruits (apples, mangoes, watermelons), certain vegetables (asparagus, sugar snap peas), sweeteners (high- fructose corn syrup, agave nectar, honey). Garlic, Onions, and High- Fiber Cousins. Hemera/Thinkstock. The body. This fiber (another FODMAP) seems to cause more symptoms than some other kinds, but that may simply be because we eat so much of it. Found in: grains (barley, wheat), vegetables (artichokes, onions, garlic), legumes (black beans, kidney beans, soybeans), additives (inulin). Beans and Nutsi. Stock/Thinkstock. We lack the enzyme to break down a FODMAP in these foods, so our gut bacteria must digest them, which produces gas. Found in: Most beans and some nuts (cashews, pistachios). Content continues below ad. Natural and Artificial Sweetenersi. Stock/Thinkstock. Sugar alcohols, low- carb sweeteners naturally found in some foods and added to others, are another FODMAP. Found in: some fruits (apples, blackberries, nectarines, peaches, pears, plums), vegetables (cauliflower, mushrooms, snow peas), artificial sweeteners (isomalt, mannitol, polydextrose), sugar- free foods. Top 1. 0 Worst Foods For Diabetes: Candy. Candy. Not only do high- sugar foods like candy, cookies, syrup, and soda lack nutritional value, but these low- quality carbohydrates also cause a dramatic spike in blood sugar levels and can contribute to weight gain, both of which can worsen diabetes complications. Learn to satisfy your sweet tooth by snacking on high- quality carbohydrates such as fresh fruit. Apples, berries, pears, grapes, and oranges all have sweet, juicy flavors and are packed with fiber to help slow the absorption of glucose, making them a much better choice for blood sugar control. When snacking on fruit, pair it with a protein food, such as a string cheese, nonfat yogurt, or handful of nuts, to further reduce the impact on your blood sugar. How Many Calories A Day Should You Eat? This site has one goal and one goal only: to help you figure out exactly how many calories you need to eat per day to make your body do exactly what you want it to do. Whether you're looking to lose weight, gain weight, lose fat, build muscle, or even just maintain your current weight, calories are the most important factor. But above all else, it's calories. It goes like this. Step 1: Estimate Your Calorie Maintenance Level. Step 2: Adjust For Your Specific Goal. Step 3: Adjust Based On What Happens. Ready? Let's call this your calories in. Everything you do (breathing, pumping blood, walking, eating, exercising) burns calories. Let's call this your calories out. Your weight will just be maintained. For example, a 1. For others, one (usually method #2) may be more accurate than the other. But in the end, they are both just guesses, not guarantees. However, I have some good news. You'll see how in Step 3. The next step is to adjust this calorie intake to fit your specific goal. Doing this creates a caloric deficit, and this causes your body to burn your own stored body fat for energy instead. Now let's adjust to make it happen. Wondering how many calories you need to eat per day to build muscle or gain weight? Calculate your ideal daily calorie intake right here. Food in the USA 1900-1910 During the early decades of the 20th century, Americans foods reflected the great diversity of people living in our country. Intermittent fasting diet for fat loss, muscle gain and health. Articles, research, diet advice, and free guides from IF-expert, Martin Berkhan. Daily Calorie Requirement Chart. Please note that generally, men require more calories per day than women. Younger people need to consume more calories each day. Let's say your daily calorie maintenance level is 2. In this example, you'd first see that 2. That means you'd need to eat 5. Doing this creates a caloric surplus, and this provides your body with the extra calories it needs to create new muscle tissue. Now let's adjust to make it happen. Let's say your daily calorie maintenance level is 2. In this example, you'd need to eat between 2. Just one last step to go.. Be sure to do it first thing in the morning on an empty stomach, and try to consistently do it on the same day while wearing the same amount of clothing each time. Monitor what happens. Either continue eating this amount or adjust if needed. That will require a little bit of explaining. What has your weight been doing since you've been eating this new amount of calories per day? You've successfully figured out how many calories you need to eat per day to reach your goal. Continue eating this amount of calories each day and enjoy your results. It just means one of the estimates from before was a bit off and you need to make a slight adjustment. So, just reduce your current daily calorie intake by an additional 2. Don't worry, we just need to adjust it slightly. Just add about 2. If you are losing weight at the ideal rate, you're perfect. If you aren't, then just adjust your daily calorie intake up or down in small 2. What has your weight been doing since you've been eating this new amount of calories per day? You've successfully figured out how many calories you need to eat per day to reach your goal. Continue eating this amount of calories each day and enjoy your results. It just means one of the estimates from before was a bit off and you need to make a slight adjustment. So, just increase your current daily calorie intake by an additional 2. Don't worry, we just need to adjust it slightly. Just subtract about 2. If you are gaining weight at the ideal rate, you're perfect. If you aren't, then just adjust your daily calorie intake up or down in small 2. I told you it was going to be quick and simple. Just keep that daily calorie intake consistent, and the results you want are guaranteed to follow. Tom is one of the smartest guys in this industry, and his Burn The Fat program is probably the most proven and effective fat loss program around. Muscle Gaining Secrets is by far the most well put together program I've seen, as Jason gets everything just right for maximum muscle building results. Feel free to share it or bookmark it. Bodyweight * Calorie Intake: Bodyweight * Calorie Intake: 150 lbs: 1500 kcal (1350-1650) 250 lbs: 2500 kcal (2250-2750) 200 lbs: 2000 kcal (1800-2200) 300 lbs. Every single person that has ever dieting and failed to lose weight while . If you restrict calories you will lose. Daily Calorie Intake Per Capita. This map shows dietary energy consumption per person. The dietary energy consumption per person is the amount of food, in kcal per day, for each individual in the total population. World: 2. 78. 0 kcal/person/day. Developed countries: 3. Developing World: 2. Sub- Saharan Africa: 2. Central Africa: 1. Kilocalorie: A unit of measurement of dietary energy. One kcal equals 1,0. J equals 1,0. 00 joules. In the International System of Units (ISU), the universal unit of dietary energy is the joule (J). Health Support Coconut Oil Diet. Coconut oil is a low calorie fat which the body can use an energy source instead of carbohydrates. This new diet miracle can help you lose weight and then help maintain the weight loss. Directions. Adults, take 1- 2 capsuls three times a day, before meals with an 8 ounce glass of water. Free Of. Sugar, salt, starch, preservatives, coloring, solvents and trans- fatty acids. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. A Brief History of the Contemporary Paleo Diet Movement. INTRODUCTIONIn order to appreciate any concept, including the Paleo Diet, it is important to recognize its history and how it came to be. Most of you are aware that Paleo and particularly Paleo diets have recently become very hot, on trend topics. These ideas have become household words in the past few years; however it hasn. Below is a graph from Google Trends for the words . So, I can personally tell you how it all began and my involvement in it. Figure 1. 2. 5 June 2. Last October, I approached my 6. I was part of the 6. Later as a lifeguard at Lake Tahoe, my friends and I read all of the now classic vegetarian diet/health books such as Francis Moore Lappe? I even attended a Dick Gregory lecture in Seattle and got to shake this famous comedian. Almost everyone seemed to own a juicer. Each summer, instead of shying away from the sun and using sunscreens, we all tried to get the deepest tans possible. As my lifeguarding days drew to a close in 1. Lorrie and I had just begun to eat Paleo. For the first 5- 1. Eaton made in a subsequent paper was that cereal grains were rarely or never consumed by pre- agricultural hunter- gatherers. At first, I simply filed all of these scientific papers and documents into a single file folder I labeled . Stone Age people did not drink milk or consume dairy products. So, I created a file folder labeled . In 1. 99. 4, I eventually mustered enough courage to telephone (no one used email then) the man who was responsible for my collection of articles on anything and everything related to Paleo. Eaton is a true gentleman and scholar in every sense of the word. Artemis Simopoulos in Athens, Greece. Artemis was a wonderful hostess for the conference, and during my two week stay in Greece we had many conversations about diet and health. I mentioned that I had written a partially completed manuscript on the nutritional shortcomings of cereal grains. About a year later she asked me if I could complete the paper and submit it for publication in a scientific journal she edited. There is no doubt in my mind that without Dr. The Paleo Diet and Paleo lifestyle are clearly much larger than either my writings or Boyd Eaton. Hundreds if not thousands of scientists, physicians and people from all walks of life are responsible for creating this incredibly powerful idea that can be used to bring order and wisdom to dietary and lifestyle questions and issues. Some of the key players who came before Dr. Eaton in the Paleo diet and lifestyle world require no introductions. It still amazes me that the most powerful idea in all of biology (evolution via natural selection) generally had not been applied to nutritional thought until 1. Dr. Obviously, Charles Darwin started it all, but a number of noteworthy people had already recognized the value of ancestral dietary patterns decades before the publication of Boyd. This book is a real treasure and contains hundreds of photographs of non- westernized people in exquisite health taken in an era when modern processed foods were not universally available. Price noted that wherever and whenever modern diets were adopted by non- westernized cultures, their health declined. His statement was just as true then as it is today. An intriguing aspect of early books like Dr. Price noted that in Europe, heliotherapy (sunbathing) was being effectively used to treat tuberculosis. At the time and even decades later, these kinds of observations were commonly ridiculed by the . The more sun you get, the more vitamin D is produced. Blood concentrations of vitamin D regulate the synthesis of a recently identified substance called cathelicidin which turns out to be one of the most potent antimicrobial (bacteria killing) peptides that our bodies produce. Cathelicidin shows specific killing activity against bacteria that cause tuberculosis,3. D insufficiency is a risk factor for tuberculosis. Other early popular books touching upon ancestral diets and health include. Without the evolutionary template correctly in place, these early books were incomplete and inconclusive. Following in the footsteps of Boyd. George Williams and Randy Neese from the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Although this paper is now more than 2. Here. Modern environments may cause many diseases. Many orthodox physicians focus upon relieving short term distress by prescribing pharmaceuticals to block these responses. Darwinian Medicine would say these responses are not necessarily harmful, but rather signify the body’s effort to remedy a problem. In most situations coughing when you are sick is a natural and healthy response because it helps to purge disease causing microbes from your throat and lungs. Similarly fever increases your body temperature which helps to destroy pathogens that have infected your body. Medications that suppress coughs and block fever may relieve symptoms but may actually prolong the illness. Obviously, certain extreme situations necessitate a balanced approach between our body. For example, blocking fever can prevent febrile seizures and stopping vomiting can prevent severe dehydration. The message is clear. We need to balance our hunter gatherer genetic legacy with the best technology of our modern world. THE PROOF IS IN THE PUDDINGHaving been a faculty member at a Division I Research University for 3. I can tell you that your personal experience with the Paleo diet and a dollar will buy you a single cup of coffee in the scientific community. Your real world experiences have little or no traction in the academic community of science and medicine. For instance, a multitude of well controlled experimental studies had already confirmed beyond a shadow of a doubt that low glycemic load diets improved health and promoted weight loss. The Paleo diet is a low glycemic load diet. Yet again, the Paleo diet is a high protein diet. Even in 2. 00. 2, when The Paleo Diet first came into print, you would have been hard pressed to find a single nutritionist who would disagree with the notion that omega 3 fats improved health and well being in almost every conceivable way. Do I need to repeat myself? The Paleo diet is a diet rich in omega 3 fats. By 2. 00. 2 when my first book came into print, the thousands of scientific papers were independently verified that certain individual aspects of the Paleo diet normalized body weight and improved health and wellbeing. Nevertheless, at that time, not a single study had yet examined all of the combined nutritional characteristics of the Paleo diet. Was a diet high in animal protein, omega 3 fats, monounsaturated fats, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, fiber and low in salt, refined sugars, cereal grains, dairy products, vegetable oils and processed foods healthy? Was it more healthful than the officially sanctioned USDA My Plate Diet or even the highly touted Mediterranean diet? The direct scientific answers to these questions had yet to be answered in 2. Fortunately, in the past eight years a number of scientists worldwide have dared to test contemporary versions of humanity. Staffan Lindeberg (M. D., Ph. D.) from Lund University in Sweden. Staffan became interested in Paleo diets almost 2. Kitavans,1. 4- 1. Papua New Guinea. The Kitavans obtain virtually all of their food from either the land or the sea and have little contact with the modern world. Common western foods such as cereals, dairy, refined sugars, vegetable oils and processed foods are nearly absent from their diets. Predictably, these people represent the epitome of health compared to the average citizen living in the western world. High blood pressure and type 2 diabetes are non- existent,1. I doubt that you could round up a random group of 2,0. Kitavans. In the late 1. I first began corresponding with Dr. Lindeberg on the then youthful internet. One study that stood out to both of us was an incredible experiment performed by Dr. Predictably, all 1. Mowwanjum in the northern Kimberley region of Western Australia. All agreed and traveled back into the isolated land from which they originated. Their daily sustenance came only from native foods that could be foraged, hunted or gathered. Instead of white bread, corn, sugar, powdered milk and canned foods, they began to eat the traditional fresh foods of their ancestral past: kangaroos, birds, crocodiles, turtles, shellfish, yams, figs, yabbies (freshwater crayfish), freshwater bream and bush honey. The average weight loss in the group was 1. Insulin and glucose metabolism became normal, and their diabetes effectively disappeared. Dr. Lindeberg and I both realized that this type of experiment would probably never be repeated simply because the hunter- gatherer lifestyle is nearly extinct, and very few contemporary people have the knowledge or skills to live entirely off the land. Back in those early days of our friendship, we both had the same vision. This experiment should be conducted in a slightly different manner but not with westernized, former hunter- gatherers. Why not take a group of typically unhealthy westerners and put them on commonly available contemporary foods that mimic the nutritional characteristics of hunter- gatherer diets? Wow, what a great idea! We both knew that this experiment was precisely what Dr. Eaton had in mind with his inspirational paper way back in 1. RECENT EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE PALEO DIETIt took nearly 2. Dr. Osterdahl and co- workers at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden. Dr. Lynda Frasseto (M. D.) from the University of California San Francisco School of Medicine. Although science may move slowly, it eventually does move forward as old ideas are replaced with new and better thoughts and information. I can assure you that this fundamental diet and lifestyle concept based upon evolutionary biology is not a fad and will not fade away. In his first study in 2. Dr. Lindeberg and associates placed 2. Paleo diet or a Mediterranean diet based upon whole grains, low- fat dairy products, vegetables, fruits, fish, oils, and margarines. An error occurred while setting your user cookie. Please set your. browser to accept cookies to continue. This cookie stores just a. ID; no other information is captured. Accepting the NEJM cookie is. Model Organism Usage (examples) Prokaryote: Escherichia coli: bacterial genetics, metabolism: Eukaryote, unicellular: Dictyostelium discoideum: Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The China Study: Revised and Expanded Edition: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss, and Long. Celiac disease is a common inflammatory disease of the small intestine that is mainly triggered and maintained by the storage proteins (gluten) of wheat, barley, and. Model organism - Wikipedia. A model organism is a non- humanspecies that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. The species chosen will usually meet a determined taxonomic equivalency to humans, so as to react to disease or its treatment in a way that resembles human physiology as needed. Although biological activity in a model organism does not ensure an effect in humans, many drugs, treatments and cures for human diseases are developed in part with the guidance of animal models. Homologous animals have the same causes, symptoms and treatment options as would humans who have the same disease. Isomorphic animals share the same symptoms and treatments. Predictive models are similar to a particular human disease in only a couple of aspects, but are useful in isolating and making predictions about mechanisms of a set of disease features. During the same time period, studies on mouse genetics in the laboratory of William Ernest Castle in collaboration with Abbie Lathrop led to generation of the DBA (. He went on to develop an antitoxin against diphtheria in animals and then in humans, which resulted in the modern methods of immunization and largely ended diphtheria as a threatening disease. The success of animal studies in producing the diphtheria antitoxin has also been attributed as a cause for the decline of the early 2. United States. This led to the 1. John Macleod). Modern general anaesthetics, such as halothane and related compounds, were also developed through studies on model organisms, and are necessary for modern, complex surgical operations. The vaccine, which was made publicly available in 1. Chromium: A Thoroughly Modern Metal Hidden in Plain Sight. Crocoite is unusual in appearance but rarely found. Beginning with the use of chrome plating in the art. Knowledge about the body. Knowledge about the body increased greatly in the 19th century: William Beaumont (America: 1822) studied the digestive system of Alexis St. Saar, Ferdinand von ¶ Sämtliche Werke 9: Novellen aus Österreich III Leutnant Burda / Seligmann Hirsch / Die Troglodytin / Ginevra / Geschichte eines Wienerkindes. RELATIONS WITH NON-INDIANS "To other Indians the Creeks offered war or friendship with proud indifference," wrote Angie Debo in The Road to Disappearance. CHRONOLOGY OF EARTH Jules J. Berman, PhD, MD-14 billion =>Big bang -5 billion =>Earth formed, along with the rest of our solar system, including sun. The Calcium Wars: Magnesium deficiency causes heart disease. Sunday, December 09, 2012 by: Dr. Carolyn Dean Tags: magnesium, deficiency, heart disease. United States over the following five years. Sabin wrote in 1. Continual research on these organisms focus on a wide variety of experimental techniques and goals from many different levels of biology. Inquiries about the DNA of organisms are classed as genetic models (with short generation times, such as the fruitfly and nematode worm), experimental models, and genomic parsimony models, investigating pivotal position in the evolutionary tree. This usually will include characteristics such as short life- cycle, techniques for genetic manipulation (inbred strains, stem cell lines, and methods of transformation) and non- specialist living requirements. Sometimes, the genome arrangement facilitates the sequencing of the model organism's genome, for example, by being very compact or having a low proportion of junk DNA (e. Among these are size, generation time, accessibility, manipulation, genetics, conservation of mechanisms, and potential economic benefit. As comparative molecular biology has become more common, some researchers have sought model organisms from a wider assortment of lineages on the tree of life. Phylogeny and genetic relatedness. The study of taxonomic human relatives, then, can provide a great deal of information about mechanism and disease within the human body that can be useful in medicine. Various phylogenetic trees for vertebrates have been constructed using comparative proteomics, genetics, genomics as well as the geochemical and fossil record. As our closest relatives, chimpanzees have a lot of potential to tell us about mechanisms of disease (and what genes may be responsible for human intelligence). However, chimpanzees are rarely used in research and are protected from highly invasive procedures. The most common animal model is the rodent. Phylogenetic trees estimate that humans and rodents last shared a common ancestor ~8. This is due to the relative stability of large portions of the genome; making the use of vertebrate animals particularly productive. Genomic data is used to make close comparisons between species and determine relatedness. Humans share about 9. Scientists have been able to take advantage of these similarities in generating experimental and predictive models of human disease. There are many model organisms. One of the first model systems for molecular biology was the bacterium Escherichia coli, a common constituent of the human digestive system. Several of the bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) that infect E. However, bacteriophages are not organisms because they lack metabolism and depend on functions of the host cells for propagation. In eukaryotes, several yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae (. The cell cycle in a simple yeast is very similar to the cell cycle in humans and is regulated by homologous proteins. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is studied, again, because it is easy to grow for an animal, has various visible congenital traits and has a polytene (giant) chromosome in its salivary glands that can be examined under a light microscope. The roundworm. Caenorhabditis elegans is studied because it has very defined development patterns involving fixed numbers of cells, and it can be rapidly assayed for abnormalities. Disease models. These test conditions are often termed as animal models of disease. The use of animal models allows researchers to investigate disease states in ways which would be inaccessible in a human patient, performing procedures on the non- human animal that imply a level of harm that would not be considered ethical to inflict on a human. The best models of disease are similar in etiology (mechanism of cause) and phenotype (signs and symptoms) to the human equivalent. However complex human diseases can often be better understood in a simplified system in which individual parts of the disease process are isolated and examined. For instance, behavioral analogues of anxiety or pain in laboratory animals can be used to screen and test new drugs for the treatment of these conditions in humans. A 2. 00. 0 study found that animal models concorded (coincided on true positives and false negatives) with human toxicity in 7. Animal models can also be more broadly classified into four categories: 1) experimental, 2) spontaneous, 3) negative, 4) orphan. These refer to models of disease that resemble human conditions in phenotype or response to treatment but are induced artificially in the laboratory. Some examples include: Spontaneous models refer to diseases that are analogous to human conditions that occur naturally in the animal being studied. These models are rare, but informative. Negative models essentially refer to control animals, which are useful for validating an experimental result. Orphan models refer to diseases for which there is no human analog and occur exclusively in the species studied. It is difficult to build an animal model that perfectly reproduces the symptoms of depression in patients. Depression, as other mental disorders, consists of endophenotypes. An ideal animal model offers an opportunity to understand molecular, genetic and epigenetic factors that may lead to depression. By using animal models, the underlying molecular alterations and the causal relationship between genetic or environmental alterations and depression can be examined, which would afford a better insight into pathology of depression. In addition, animal models of depression are indispensable for identifying novel therapies for depression. The most widely studied prokaryotic model organism is Escherichia coli (E. It is a common, gram- negative gut bacterium which can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting. It is the most widely used organism in molecular genetics, and is an important species in the fields of biotechnology and microbiology, where it has served as the host organism for the majority of work with recombinant DNA. For instance, many cell division genes that are critical for the development of cancer have been discovered in yeast. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga with well- studied genetics, is used to study photosynthesis and motility. They are easily raised in the lab, with rapid generations, high fecundity, few chromosomes, and easily induced observable mutations. It was first proposed as a model for neuronal development by Sydney Brenner in 1. Its small stature and short generation time facilitates rapid genetic studies. The classic model vertebrate is currently the mouse (Mus musculus). Many inbred strains exist, as well as lines selected for particular traits, often of medical interest, e. Zebrafish are used to study development, toxicology and toxicopathology. Model Organism Databases exist to provide researchers with a portal from which to download sequences (DNA, RNA, or protein) or to access functional information on specific genes, for example the sub- cellular localization of the gene product or its physiological role. Model Organism. Usage (examples)Prokaryote. Escherichia colibacterial genetics, metabolism. Eukaryote, unicellular. Dictyostelium discoideum. Saccharomyces cerevisiaecell division, organelles, etc. Schizosaccharomyces pombecell cycle, cytokinesis, chromosome biology, telomeres, DNA metabolism, cytoskeleton organization. This may confound their use to model human metabolic processes and diseases as these can be affected by dietary energy intake and exercise. Examples of hidden bias include a 2. Mc. Gill University in Montreal, Canada which suggests that mice handled by men rather than women showed higher stress levels. Cell culture, or in vitro studies, provide an alternative that preserves the physiology of the living cell, but does not require the sacrifice of an animal for mechanistic studies. Human, inducible pluripotent stem cells can also elucidate new mechanisms for understanding cancer and cell regeneration. Imaging studies (such as MRI or PET scans) enable non- invasive study of human subjects. Recent advances in genetics and genomics can identify disease- associated genes, which can be targeted for therapies. Ultimately, however, there is no substitute for a living organism when studying complex interactions in disease pathology or treatments. Liberian Americans - History, Modern era, The first liberians in america. Countries and Their Cultures. Le- Pa. Liberian Americans. Ken R. Wells. Liberia is a country slightly larger than the state of Tennessee. Located in. Western Africa, it is bordered by Sierra Leone to the northwest, Guinea to. Ivory Coast (Cote D'Ivoire) to the east, and the. Atlantic Ocean to the south. It has a hot, humid tropical climate. The. summers (from May to October) consist of frequent, heavy showers. The. slightly drier winters, in turn, are characterized by dust- laden winds. Sahara Desert during December. Annual rainfall. averages 1. The country's primary natural resources are. The principal food crops are. About 3 percent of. Liberia's land is used for agriculture. Approximately 9. 5 percent of. Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, and Mano. Descendants of immigrants from. United States, called Americo- Liberians, make up 2. The life expectancy at birth is just under 6. The literacy rate is about 3. About 7. 0 percent of the. African. religions, 2. Muslim, and ten percent are Christian. English. is the official language, although 1. The capital city is Monrovia (population. The Liberian flag consists of 1. The flag is modeled after the U. S. Anthropologists. Africa began settling in. Liberia around 3. B. C. Most came because the rich, fertile. But over a few. centuries, these people dispersed to other areas of Africa. It is believed. that present day Liberians are descendants from several African tribes. Sudan, which stretches from the North African Atlantic. Red Sea. Scientists speculate these people came to Liberia. First, they were seeking new land to farm since the. Sahara Desert was slowly expanding into their existing homelands. Second. the invasion of Ghana in 1. Muslim sect called the Almoravids. By the eleventh century, more. Liberia. Over time, these groups. De Sintra named the region the. Malagueta Coast, after a green spicy pepper grown in the area. From this. first contact, trade routes developed between Europe and coastal Liberia. Liberia was conceived by American political and. Africans who were. America as slaves. The first African American settlers, known. Americo- Liberians, landed in 1. By 1. 86. 4 approximately 1. African. Americans had settled there. The colony declared itself an independent. The flow of immigrants dwindled to nearly zero following. U. S. Civil War and the emancipation of slaves in America. Rising economic problems. Instability, fueled by a sour economy, continued into. The first major economic development came in. Firestone Rubber Co. King resigned after a. League of Nations' (now the United Nations) investigation revealed. Liberia's. native peoples. With the election of William V. S. Tubman in 1. 94. Liberia. began a period of sustained economic growth and democracy. Under Tubman. Liberia's native tribes were given a greater voice in the political. They were able to vote in presidential and legislative elections. Americo- Liberians. Liberia. remained a close ally of the United States, siding with the Allies during. World War II. After a visit to Liberia by U. S. Liberia was a founding member of the United Nations (UN) and. Liberians helped write the UN Charter. Under Tubman's benevolent. Liberia prospered. A road system was developed, a major port built. Monrovia, and investment by foreign corporations was encouraged. A. strong economy and expanded rights for all ethnic groups proved popular. Tubman was reelected president six times. He was formally elected to that position in. Soon after, an organized opposition to Tolbert began to rise. Liberian college students in the United. States. It reached its peak in 1. Liberian staple, led to widespread civil unrest and riots. Tolbert was. assassinated in a bloody 1. Army Master Sergeant. Samuel K. Democracy collapsed and a prolonged period of dictatorship. Civil war broke out in 1. Doe's assassination by a rebel group led by. Prince Yormie Johnson in 1. Another rebel force opposed to Doe, led by. Charles Taylor, took over the government and Taylor proclaimed himself. After Taylor threatened to take foreign residents hostage in. United States sent a naval unit with 2,5. Marines to. Liberia to. American and other foreign citizens. The Economic Community of. West African States (ECOWAS) brokered a peace between the warring. According to the United. Nations High Commission on Refugees, nearly one- third of the population. Liberians, fled into neighboring countries and several hundred. The scope of the problem could be seen in Monrovia. In 1. 99. 0 a peacekeeping force of 1. ECOWAS. nations led by Nigeria entered Liberia and installed an interim government. Amos Sawyer. Despite several peace agreements, civil war. President Charles Taylor. Opposition parties charged that Taylor rigged. Despite sporadic fighting throughout 1. Thousands of refugees who fled into. Liberia. However, the situation. Opposition parties and the U. S. As of mid- 1. 99. Although some refugees who fled the civil. Liberia to begin rebuilding their lives and their country. Liberia. Nearly all immigration between the two countries. United States to Liberia. In the first half of the twentieth. Liberians immigrated to the United States. Europe. Asia and Latin America. The probable reason is that Liberia had one of the. Africa up until the. For example, from 1. Liberians. immigrated to the United States, according to statistics from the U. S. From 1. 93. 0 to 1. In the. 1. 95. 0s, the number increased to 2. The number. jumped to 2,0. This influx can be. United. States. Until 1. Liberians left their homeland for the United States each year. This does not include the tens of thousands who sought. United States. In 1. INS granted. Temporary Protective Status (TPS) to approximately 9,0. Liberians in the. United States, according to the August 1. Migration News. , published by the University of California at Davis. The INS revoked the. Liberia. However, many of. Liberian Americans resisted returning to Liberia. As of mid- 1. 99. U. S. Congress was considering legislation to give the Liberian. United States. While many of the. America, some still vow to return to. Many of. the Liberian refugees granted temporary protection have children born in. United States and Liberian American groups are concerned about these. Liberia. Korto, president of the Union of Liberian Associations in the. Americas, in a 1. Including Liberians in the. Liberian families. Liberian American organizations estimate there are between 2. Liberians in the United States. Liberian. immigrants tend to settle on the East Coast of the United States, with. New York, New Jersey, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Ohio. Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Liberians are attracted to. Georgia and the Carolinas because the hot, humid summers resemble weather. Liberia. Minneapolis and Rhode Island also draw them because. Cities with the largest Liberian populations. New York City area, with an estimated population of 3. Washington, D. C. Other cities with significant numbers of Liberians. Boston, Atlanta, Detroit, and Philadelphia. On the West Coast. Liberians are concentrated in California, with the primary settlement. Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland and Stockton. The. Liberian Community Foundation in Vallejo, California estimates that there. Liberians living in Northern California. Another 2,0. 00. live in Southern California, according to the Liberian Community. Association of Southern California. The INS reported the most popular. Liberian immigrants in 1. Maryland (3. 20), New York. New Jersey (2. 41), Pennsylvania (2. Minnesota (1. 55). Therefore, students. American counterparts. She went to live with her mother, already in this. Los Angeles. In a January 1. Essence. magazine, Labi recalls her difficulty in adjusting to a new culture. My thick accent and sudden shyness alienated me from my classmates. Cheetah,' Tarzan's. After school, I rode the bus home and entered the. Chicoine details their new life in Houston, Texas. Although such. experiences still happen, they are less common today because there are. Liberians in the United States, and communities of Liberian. Social gatherings, such as weddings. Americans in. general and more specifically to African Americans. Liberians also. celebrate many of the same holidays as Americans, including Christmas. Easter, New Year's Day, and Thanksgiving. These holidays are. American custom, although occasionally. Liberian and African traditions are incorporated. Ethnic Liberians will sing and dance, sometimes for. A group of dancers, singers, and musicians may perform in. It is. customary for the neighbors to provide drinks and sometimes money to the. The custom is derived from the days of. United States when a slave owner often would break the. It is sometimes used by Liberian. Americans to greet dinner guests. Members of the secret Poro men's society make. The Dan group is noted for their. Another form of. Liberian art is drums and other. Michael Rhodes, an African art dealer, examines turn of the century. Liberian Passport Masks at the New York International Tribal. Antiques Show. Since nearly all of the ethnic languages of Liberia are oral. Liberian literature. Animals are a common theme in the. A general proverb is: . Two proverbs from the Kpelle tribe are: . Rice is often served with breakfast, lunch. Liberians like their food hot, and cayenne and other peppers. Liberian dishes. Another staple of Liberian cuisine. It is usually served with a. It is served with soup. They are washed and. They are then. boiled with beef or chicken until well done and most of the liquid has. Palm oil is added and, after simmering a few minutes, the dish. Another dish is potato greens, called potato. Water is then added to the dish and it is boiled until done. The. resulting taste and texture is similar to spinach. Other favorites are pigs' feet with. Sweet desserts, such as sweet potato, coconut, and. Liberian Americans. Peanuts are commonly. Another delicacy is a sweet bread made. The preferred drinks are ginger beer (usually. Liberian coffee. Birth, death, planting, harvesting. Traditional Liberians dance. Business Opportunities Franchises - Business Opportunities Franchise Information- Choose Industry - Accounting and Financial Services Franchises » Coupon » Credit Card Merchant Services Advertising and Direct Mail. ATM Franchises. Australia Franchises. 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Top- achieving students were recognized at Upper Canada College's annual Prize Day on Oct. Prizes, awards and medals for a variety of academic disciplines and extra- curricular accomplishments were presented to dozens of boys ranging from Year 1 to IB2 as the proud parents, staff and faculty members who filled Laidlaw Hall looked on. Principal Jim Power made opening remarks, UCC's wind ensemble performed Florentiner March op. Senator Linda Frum, a respected journalist, vice- chair of the College's board of governors and mother of UCC student Sam Frum. Here's the transcript of Frum's speech: Good morning and thank you. Let me begin by saying how excited I am to be here this morning. Goodlife Fitness Gym Review and Locations. Goodlife was created by David Patchell Evens in 1979 and since then has become the most popular gym in Canada with over 220. To the winners of prizes and awards, let me direct a first greeting to you. We are here today to acknowledge your hard work and special accomplishments. May I add my voice to all the others when I say: congratulations to you on your achievement today. Acknowledgement is due to the parents of today's winners as well. Your boys have earned their accolades, but they did not earn them alone. The Hilton Garden Inn Toronto Mississauga hotel is located near the Toronto Pearson International Airport with easy access to Highway 401, 403, 410 and 407. Considering Upper Canada College in Toronto? OurKids.net is the trusted source on the best private schools in Ontario. As the mother of a boy on the UCC crew, I know well the dedication, commitment and support of our UCC parents. You inspire these boys, you lead them, you shape them. Their success is your handiwork. On behalf of parents and boys, I say: thank you and thank you and thank you. I have to say that when I received the email from Dr. Power last month inviting me to be your Prize Day speaker this year I felt like a prizewinner myself. You see, for me, this invitation holds within it the opportunity for a second chance to get something right because returning to this podium actually involves returning to the scene of one of my greatest public speaking failures ever. Twenty- five years ago I was invited to speak at UCC. I can remember it vividly. I was in my early 2. Guidebook to Canadian Universities. The book led to many, many speaking engagements at universities and schools across the country, including one here at UCC. Indeed I believe it was Mr. Matthews who extended that invitation and it's reassuring to me that he and I are both still kicking around this place, looking just as youthful as we once did. Anyway, as a journalist, and now as a parliamentarian, I have faced all kinds of crowds. Sometimes friendly, sometimes hostile, sometimes just confused. But in the case of the boys at UCC I encountered a completely different reaction. I'm not sure how to describe it exactly. But for the entire length of my speech I looked out at a sea of blank, disapproving faces. What was especially baffling was that I was using the same material that had worked perfectly well in other venues. But in this case, my words fell to the ground with a thud. The memory haunts me still. Studies show that the one thing North Americans fear most, more than death or spiders, is public speaking. And when people wake up in a cold sweat in the middle of the night because they are having a nightmare about being on a stage making a speech that's just tanking, well, what they are picturing in their minds is exactly what I lived through. Now, it is a little reassuring that no less of an orator than Dr. Power has confessed to me that he also finds you boys can be something of a tough audience. And my son Sam, who coached me for my appearance here today hypothesized that the most probable explanation for my bomb- out in 1. It was 8 am and boys don't pay attention to any speaker at that time day. I'm a girl and boys just aren't' that interested in what girls have to say. And/or 3) I may have underestimated the risk of agreeing to speak to an audience composed, as he put it, of such high caliber men and therefore, perhaps, my remarks missed their target because they weren't, I don't know, classy enough. Finally, as a friendly word of caution, my son advised me not to build up too many expectations about this speech today either, because, as he pointed out, nothing's changed. The caliber of the men in the audience, is still, obviously, extremely high. And it's still morning. So the dynamics here do not play in my favour. I'm giving this a second try. And I've learned a lesson from my previous failure - and from the accomplishments of the boys here today - which is that the key to success is: persistence. Which is why I feel it only fair to deliver this warning: If you don't clap like crazy at the end of this speech, I will return next year and do it all over again. The lapse of time between that first speech and this one underscores an important message for the boys here who will not receive a prize or award today. UCC is unusual among today's private schools in its public honoring of success. While many schools in North America have done away with prize day giving altogether out of sensitivity for the delicate psyches of their young students, UCC understands that competition drives boys to thrive and excel. So, to those of you who have won prizes today, let's get this straight: You worked hard. And you rule. But it's also true - and I can attest to this - that we are not all on the same timetable of success. Some of us were ready to deliver a whizzbang of a speech in 1. Others needed a quarter century of rehearsal. In the same way, you boys are unfolding and developing at your own pace. Some of you are sprinters. Some don't gain speed until the second mile. For those boys, the honors are all to come - and the prize days will be the class reunions of future years. Success comes in many forms. And at different times. At Harvard Business School they tell a local joke about two students. One excels at math, wins prizes, graduates at the top of his class, and is promptly hired by a major bank. The other is baffled even by basic arithmetic and eventually drops out. Years pass. The two students meet again, in the lounge of a private aviation terminal. Both are boarding their own planes. The former prizewinner notices the former drop- out. Frankly, he's stunned. He approaches him, reintroduces himself, and then says, ' you don't mind my asking - - but what happened to you?'The former dropout explains, . They put me in the mailroom. I was bored, so I started reading the catalogues of our suppliers. One day I saw an ad for a new kind of straw, it went sort of all curly. I had the thought you could attach little cartoon characters to it, and that fast food companies might buy them to attract kids. Maybe movie companies would pay you too for the commercial tie- in. I took the catalogue, quit my job, started my own company. The straws have been a huge success for us. I buy them for a dime, I sell them for a dollar - - and over time, those 1. But he had won his own prize. Now before I leave this stage, and given that I only get a chance to do this every 2. I want to take advantage of this moment to say a word of appreciation to Dr. I have been a mother at this school for twelve years. And I have had the honor to serve as a member of the Board of Governors for five. But by the time June comes around I will no longer belong to either group. This is very sad for me because I am deeply proud of my association with Upper Canada. And one of the chief reasons I am proud of this school is because of Dr. Now it's very bad form to repeat what gets said at a board meeting, boys, because they are held in the strictest of confidence, and when you swear to keep things secret you must. But I think I'm on safe ground when I share this with you at one of my very first ever board meetings, when I was just getting to know Dr. Power, and he himself had only been at the school for about one year, I can remember how upset he was because a fairly large sum of money that had been raised by you boys for charity had gone missing. Or put more plainly, it had been stolen. Power was absolutely devastated. What good was UCC's reputation as a school of leading scholarship, of high IB totals or impressive university placements, if such lapses of character could take place inside these walls? Power vowed to make this his mission. He vowed that he would dedicate as much of his energy to your intellectual development as to your moral development. And over the past 5 years, I've seen him, his administration and his teaching staff do precisely that. As they share today the triumph of your scholarly achievements, they most fundamentally believe that the truest triumphs are personal and moral. What this school - what true education - most upholds and should most recognize is character. The character of the boy that will become the character of the man. The character that earns a future place of leadership by integrity and by service. Character is honoured - not by a cup or a plaque - but by the recognition of those who know you. It's proven not in a 1. We'll be following all of you over the decades ahead to hail the honorable, upright men we hope - and expect - you will grow into. As we salute and congratulate today's prizewinners, the highest accolades - and the hardest struggles - still await. We're cheering for you! And hooray to all the winners here: today's and tomorrow's. I am a survivor. I want to explain where I have been the last 1. I’m sorry I haven’t posted here for so long. I thought 5: 2 was a life- changer. Well, yes, it has changed my life. I wasn’t feeling particularly like I needed any other life changers anytime soon but that’s not how life works and this year has been quite a rollercoaster for me. Shall I start at the beginning, or just sum up? To hell with it, if starting at the beginning could save someone else’s life. I’d like to point out at this moment – and before you go jumping to any conclusions – that fasting has had nothing to do with my near death experience! If anything I suspect it may in part have been responsible for my survival. This post has nothing at all to do with fasting, but is the story of my experiences this year. Many of us will have heard the phrase “pulmonary embolism” and know it’s something medical. But how many of us actually know what one is, what causes it, what impact it has and what the odds of survival are? Well, now I do. It started just after Christmas last year, or at least the noticeable signs of it did. The first time it wasn’t too bad. I woke up and pulled the bed back together – suddenly my heart was racing and I couldn’t breathe. It felt a bit like an asthma attack but the racing heart was new to me. After a few minutes to calm down, I went downstairs to do some more chores – I changed the cat litterbox, or at least I tried to. Did you know less that 2% of ? No wonder we all lose hope that we'll ever get the body we strive for. Related Articles: GM Diet Day 3 Day 3, nearly half way through the GM Diet. Things should only get easier now. GM Diet Day 2 Like the first day of. What could possibly go wrong? 5 Day Low-Fat Diet Menu Meals in the following menu have fewer than 25 percent of calories from fat. Choose one of each meal and two snacks every day. The same thing happened again. I spent the rest of that day on the sofa, hardly able to talk for lack of breath and with my heart racing (thank you hubs for buying me a lovely Withings Pulse activity tracker. By early evening I was fed up and decided to go to the doctor. This was actually quite tricky as we lived down a lane and had to walk a way to the car – I’d barely even made it down our short hallway to the bathroom during the day. I made it and the doc (not my usual one) told me it was a chest infection and gave me antibiotics. That’s their answer to everything. I remembered that I’d been aware of my heart pounding in my chest (palpitations) for a few weeks on and off, so he also recommended I be tested for a thyroid problem. The next day I wasn’t feeling so bad, and got on with my life. An experienced 5:2 Fast Dieter's tips, thoughts, meals and weight loss story. Wondering if the 5:2 Diet lives up to all the hype? The Kaiser 3 day diet is another diet that claims massive weight loss in a short space of time. This diet claims that you can lose 10 pounds in three days. We've done the picking for you. A standard configuration of 8 recipes (4 of each variety) from the original 5:2 Juice Diet (see nutritional information below). The blood test came back clear and I busied myself preparing for our house move. Then, the bad news started to roll in. Problems with the move. My cat had untreatable cancer. My husband’s job security. 2 Day On 5 Day Off Diet Instructions After WisdomNot the best time in my life I have to say. One morning I went to get breakfast and as I came back up the stairs I started to experience odd symptoms. 2 Day On 5 Day Off Diet Instructions For DiverticulitisI can’t even recall now in what order they came exactly. I was gasping like a fish and it hurt. I took my dressing gown off. This was just before work so I think it must have been around 9am. I didn’t make it to my desk until almost 1. When I came to, on the floor at the top of the stairs I was shivering – freezing. I pulled my dressing gown back around me and dragged myself to the bed to lay down. A few minutes later as I felt better I went to my desk to get on with work. I gave my mum a ring to tell her about my strange experience. She likened it to panic attacks she used to have in her 3. She told me I looked grey. I said I felt fine, which I did, aside from my racing heart. I rested for a while in the afternoon and later my husband helped me upstairs. He tells me it took me about 2. I had to keep stopping. By the time I got to the top I felt sick again and came over sweaty. He rested me against the toilet in case I was sick and went to get me a glass of water. When the hot flushes passed he helped me get to bed and I spent the evening lying down just trying to breathe. I wasn’t up to cooking and instead he got us a chippie. Most unlike me, I had no appetite at all and barely ate anything. It seemed too much to have to eat AND breathe. I think we debated calling the NHS helpline but decided to wait until morning. Morning came, and with it a resting heart rate of almost 1. It should be 5. 0- 7. I didn’t sleep well and as soon as I woke up I looked up the details of our local walk- in GP as it was a Saturday. Hubs dutifully took me down there and I struggled my way to the car, and then from the car to the hospital. I felt like a 9. 0 year old, I was walking so slowly. Actually I think a 9. My heart did ease off a bit at that point, I guess knowing someone medical was going to check me out calmed my nerves a bit. I told the doctor how I was feeling – the racing heart, how it felt like the physical sensations of. I explained about my current life stresses, but that I had them all in order mentally and wasn’t worried about them really. That might have saved my life too. She couldn’t give me the meds she wanted to because of my asthma. She did however put me on a nebuliser (it didn’t help) and gave me some lovely, lovely sleeping pills. I met a hamster wearing a beret, he was drinking a strawberry milkshake at some posh milkshake bar. He seemed pretty down to earth for such a strange looking fellow in a pretentious establishment. That’s how good the sleeping pills were! Or maybe it was the lack of oxygen. My heart wasn’t quite so racy the next day and I didn’t struggle so much to move around. The doctor was pleased with my progress and left me to get on with life. I dosed myself up nightly on the pills and munched on Rescue Remedy pastilles during the day to calm my . This was the week just prior to our move and let me tell you that packing up to move house when you are seriously ill is not an easy task. I can’t thank my mum enough for coming to help with it. I had to sit to pack, I checked my pulse before and after I did anything, if it was below 1. It was never below 9. It took ages to calm from the usual 1. My husband had to move all four of our fish tanks to their temporary homes with friends and family all by himself, I felt so guilty not helping when at the time we thought it was . We finished packing around midnight before the move and thank goodness we hired a removal firm to do the heavy lifting. Moving day came and went. We got to the new house, we unpacked. There was no internet connection for a week, so. We had new furniture delivered, which the driver needed me to help unload! I went on to assemble it. I wasn’t feeling that much better in terms of strength or. We moved the fish tanks to the new house together and I think this could have been the beginning of the end. I was knackered from moving tanks & heavy pails of water & rocks. I had errands to run so went out to town and rushed around to get everything done. I woke up the next morning with my heart rate sky high again. Oh no. I felt guilty taking a raincheck from our plans with friends that night, it seemed like an excuse rather than a reason. I just wasn’t up to it. I spent the day on the sofa and read about ways to slow your heart rate. That didn’t do anything. I tried breathing techniques. I fussed the purring cat (rest in peace, sweet Phoebe). It was Monday the next day and I decided to go to the doctor as my heart was still racing in excess of 1. I woke up. I called my mum to take me to the doctor as I could barely get downstairs much less walk to the GP surgery 5 minutes away. I think the people who saw us must have thought mum was really poorly. We walked so very, very slowly and even that was difficult. This time the doctor (the third one) got it right. He noted that I could barely get two words out without having to stop to breathe. He listened to my chest, he tapped my back and told me to say “9. An ECG followed and then we were told to go straight to A& E. He said it was faster if we drove than waited for an ambulance. I didn’t really consider at this point just how touch and go this might have been, I was just relieved that something was being done. A& E were waiting for me and saw me immediately. I felt like an awful queue- jumper. Any Brits reading this will know what I mean, we’re nothing if not good at respecting queue order! The day in A& E was a blur of concerned doctors faces, big words, CT scans, X- Rays, horrible amounts of blood tests, injections and ultrasounds. I had a pulmonary embolism – blood clot on the lungs. They considered using a thing called a . In the end they opted to pump me full of anticoagulants and keep me in for the week. I’ve never stayed in hospital before. Time goes so slowly and they feed you too much! Puddings with lunch and dinner. It was delicious and such a treat not to have to cook. I can highly recommend the food at Dorset County Hospital. I was there until the end of the week – went through plenty of tests on a daily basis and woken through the night to check my blood pressure, O2 levels and change my drip etc. They wouldn’t let me walk anywhere, I was wheeled to the toilet and wheeled back to my bed. I left hospital with a bag full of Warfarin (Coumadin) and some Clexane (Heparin) needles along with the expectation of returning to normal the next week now I was treated. How wrong I was. Well, I did get back to my desk the next week and started to catch up with my work but life was, and is, anything but normal. It’s now been almost. I couldn’t fast for months, I could do very little physically for the first few months. People brought me cakes and chocolates. We ate a lot of takeaways and processed food because. I had to cut back on my vegetable intake due to the meds. Life is so very different for me since I survived the PE. One of the most frustrating things is the fact that it is an invisible illness. I look OK from the outside, you wouldn’t know I’m unwell. I can’t even make it back up the hill to my home. I can walk to the doctor now but I have to get a lift back (I don’t drive). I don’t get out a lot. My days are spent working (I manage around 4- 5 hours on a good day), resting (around 3 hours). I don’t have the energy to do much else. If I overdo it one day I pay the price physically the next day – difficulty breathing, chest pains, numb arms, racing heart. It’s not pleasant. Not Like Other HCG Diet Reviews – My actual day by day account. I am updating this post as my personal experience, since doing The HCG Protocol as detailed below, is that as long as it is done using a reputable company, with good support and advice, and where the focus is on healthy food and ongoing lifestyle changes, it can be a wonderful, life changing experience. I did it through a nutritionist and I followed the instructions exactly. You will see by the amount of comments below that it is a topic that many people are interested in and many people are confused about. I hope this post helps you with your research into this protocol. I have maintained a healthy weight, since doing it nearly a year and a half ago, by following healthy eating principles and getting regular exercise. I still enjoy baking, entertaining, dining out and good wine but I ensure that I have a well balanced diet that includes protein, Omega 3 and plenty of healthy carbohydrates in the form of vegetables and fruit. I have left the remainder of this post as it was written at the time and it is my personal account including day by day details of my losses. Important Update for American and Canadian Readers. There are a lot of people who are very enthusiastic about this very low calorie diet but until now I have only been able to recommend the nutritionist that I did it with and she can’t ship her HCG drops internationally. I have since done some extensive research and have written about some suppliers in The USA and Canada. I have found three for the homeopathic HCG drops, hormone free HCG and also a medical company in Tampa, Florida who supplies a 1. Prescription HCG Diet Program available by injections, drops or pellets. My regular readers will know that in the past I have been made some derogatory comments about the HCG diet saying that it sounds ridiculous and extreme and that I wouldn’t even consider it. I have since researched it more thoroughly and had a change of heart and in this post I will detail why and also give you a thorough overview of the protocol. Unlike many other Human Chorionic Gonadotropin diet reviews, this is my personal account including a day by day list of my exact weight loss. My Change of Heart. Since then I came across another version of the HCG extreme diet and checked out other reviews about it. I probably would have ignored it except the person promoting is Cindy O’Meara, who is a highly respected nutritionist and speaker on health- related subjects. Given that I was desperate, due to my recent binge and subsequent weight gain, plus the fact that I have Cindy’s book, Changing Habits Changing Lives, and find her theories very credible, I decided to look further. I checked out her website and if you go to this page you will find useful information about the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin protocol plus a free video. What I read convinced me that it was worth looking into further. I also looked into The Diet Solution Program which I have reviewed on this site before. To be honest, that looked like a more sensible approach, but I was excited at the prospect of managing to lose over 2. This is not like other diet reviews in that it is an actual account of my progress, day by day. The Protocol and my Progress. Phase 1. This is called The Loading Phase and I loved it; it was my idea of food heaven. This part of the program only lasts two days and the intention is to help the body to load up on essential fats and nutrients to carry it through for the first few days of phase 2 until the homeopathic drops start to take effect. I could indulge in all of the healthy high- fat foods I could think off, even to excess! Now this doesn’t mean that I ate junk, processed foods, or other nutrient void “food like products.” It was all good, healthy stuff; yummy things that I love. For example I had eggs benedict for breakfast, I had leftover homemade hollandaise on my asparagus for lunch, and I had a beautiful steak dinner with a cream sauce and potatoes with both sour cream and butter! I think you get the picture. Here is some Free info from the nutritionist that I did it with. If you scroll down to the section called “The 4 Phase Fat Elimination Protocol” and then go to the “Phase 4. This is where you will find it: Get your Free HCG Info here. Phase 2. This is called the core phase and can last anywhere from 1. I originally planned on doing it for 2. I was getting such great results. This is where you begin the 5. J per- day- diet. I will go into more detail about the actual allowed foods and also provide some recipes in another post on the topic but the basics are as follows: You can have two protein serves per day of 3 . You can choose from beef , lamb, veal, chicken breast and some fish. Vegetarian and diabetic options are also covered in the outline. You can have two vegetable servings a day from a list of allowed items and in addition to this there are other, what are called free foods, which include tomato, onion, many salad ingredients and most herbs. You can eat as much of these as you like. You can have three items of fruit per day, also from a selected list, plus the juice of one lemon or lime per day. In addition to this you must drink at least 8 cups of fluid per day including water tea and coffee. All sweeteners are prohibited apart from Stevia. You can have up to 1 tablespoon of milk per day as long as it is a good- quality organic milk that has not been homogenized. All processed products, sugar, wheat, dairy, oils and alcohol are prohibited. You continue to take the drop during this entire phase. Yesterday was my last day on phase 2 and I can say that I stuck to it very closely to the letter. My only deviation was that I probably had the juice of two lemons per day, as opposed to one, on some of the days. Here are my actual HCG diet results on a daily basis: Day one – 4. Day two – 1. 5 lbs (. Day three – 1. 3 lbs (. Day four – 1. 1 lbs (. Day five – . 9 lbs (. Day six – 1. 3 lbs (. Day seven – . 7 lbs (. Day eight – . 4 lbs (. Day nine – 1. 3 lbs (. Day ten – . 2 lbs (. Day eleven – 1. 5 lbs (. Day twelve – . 2 lbs (. Day thirteen – 1. Day fourteen – . 7 lbs (. Day fifteen – . 9 lbs (. Day sixteen + . 2 lbs (. Day seventeen – . Day eighteen – . 4 lbs (. Day nineteen + . 7 lbs (. Day twenty – 1. 5 lbs (. Day twenty one – . Day twenty two – 0. Day twenty three – . Day twenty four – . Day twenty five – . Day twenty six – 0. Day twenty seven + . That’s a grand total of exactly 1. To say I am thrilled is an understatement. Other Benefits. At the beginning of this program I took my blood pressure. I was taking two blood pressure tablets per day at the time and my reading was still 1. During the time being on this protocol I have been able to reduce my meds to one a day and my blood pressure this morning was a healthy 1. My goal now is to eliminate my blood pressure meds altogether in the next two months (under doctors supervision of course). Phase 3 and Beyond. I’ll write another post soon, as I transition through phase 3 (3 days) and phase 4 (2. So far I have been very happy and, although not for the undisciplined, it has been easier than I expected and I have felt great throughout, apart from being a bit tired and emotional for the first few days of phase 2. Remember, I am not a doctor or medical practitioner. You should always do your own research and also not make any radical lifestyle changes without consulting your doctor. I would only recommend you buy your HCG from suppliers that offer ongoing support programs. If you have had any success or problems with any Human Chorionic Gonadotropin related diet program, I’d love it if you would share your comments below for the benefit of other readers. The Day- Off Diet Nut Guide. Your O+ Blood is Important. O Positive. As an O Positive donor you are incredibly important to maintaining the blood supply in our community. O Positive is the most common blood type and therefore needed by so many patients. Annually, more than 1. We are grateful to you for so willingly giving the. Blood Type Diet Sample Day. Your weight is within your healthy weight range. You have a BMI of - a BMI of 1. However, you could lose up to and remain within your healthy weight range. Losing could make you look and feel better. Only 6.3% of the population has A Negative blood. Because your blood is rare, it is important to maintain sufficient supplies for our community and local. You could lose in weeks with Weight Loss Resources. Our free trial will show you how. Those with Type B blood often have a hearty constitution and have an advantage fighting against some common debilitating conditions such as heart disease or cancer. On the other hand, they tend to have greater susceptibility to immune system disorders. An optimal diet to achieve this will contain both animal and plant- based foods, but some specific foods should not be consumed, such as chicken or peanuts. To figure out which foods to include in your diet refer to the chart below. They are disruptive to the Type B system.). I think peoples who comment negative haven. I already take 9years experiment for blood type diet. First A Word About ABO Incompatibility. Blood Types and Blood type systems are critical to accurately evaluation and categorizing our Blood. O Positive Blood Type (O+) 1. Most Common Blood Type. The O positive blood type is the most common and incredibly an important donor in maintaining adequate blood supply. For those with type B positive or B negative blood, D'Adamo recommends avoiding. Explore this detailed and simple blood type diet chart for your blood type, and how to balance your omnivore diet for your body. Cottage cheese, Farmer, Feta, Goat cheese and milk, Kefir, Mozzarella, Ricotta, Milk, Yogurt (Type B is the only blood type that can fully enjoy a variety of dairy foods. They contain lectins that interfere with Type B insulin production). Cashews, filberts, pine, pistachio, peanuts, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds. Lentils, garbanzos, black- eyed peas, Beans (pintos, aduke, azuki, black) (These beans interfere with the production of insulin for Type Bs.). Millet, oatmeal (bran, flour), puffed rice, rice (bran, flour), spelt. All kinds except those listed as not allowed. Wheat reduce insulin efficiency and failure to stimulate fat . I myself am low in potassium. How come the protocols want me to cut out fruits that have potassium, though? Potassium is a very important mineral that the body can. Blood group is determined by the presence of antigen(s) on the membrane of red blood cells. The "antigens" are special molecules that can elicit an immune response. Welcome to the The Blood Type Diet ® The Most popular Personalized diet system in the world. LEARN MORE about the diet; Scientific Basis; What's Your Type? It is only in some stages of Adrenal Fatigue Syndrome that you should limit your intake of potassium. Those with Type B blood often have a hearty constitution and have an advantage fighting against some common debilitating conditions such as heart disease or cancer. On the other hand, they tend to have greater susceptibility to immune system disorders. In order to care for this kind of physiology, the body needs a comprehensive and balanced nutrition that nourishes all of the body. An optimal diet to achieve this will contain both animal and plant- based foods, but some specific foods should not be consumed, such as chicken or peanuts. To figure out which foods to include in your diet refer to the chart below. They are disruptive to the Type B system.)
Polychlorinated dibenzo- p- dioxins and dibenzofurans (EHC 8. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 8. POLYCHLORINATED DIBENSO- PARA- DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS. This report contains the collective views of an international group of. United Nations Environment Programme, the International. Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and. Supporting activities include. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the. Errors and omissions excepted, the. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS1. Ambient levels and routes of exposure. Toxicokinetics, biotransformation, and. Health effects. 1. Animals. 1. 1. 4. Humans. 1. 1. 5. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. ANALYTICAL METHODS. Physical and chemical properties. Analytical methods. Sampling strategy and sampling methods. Extraction procedures. Isomer identification. Other analytical methods. SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION3. Production, synthesis, and use. Industrial processes. This episode puts everyone. The fate of Goryeo comes. VI Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertensão; Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Contamination of commercial products. Chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)3. Chlorodiphenyl ether herbicides. Hexachlorobenzene. Sources of heavy environmental pollution. Industrial accidents. Improper disposal of industrial waste.
Heavy use of chemicals. Other sources of PCDDs and PCDFs in the. Thermal degradation of technical. Incineration of municipal waste. Incineration of sewage sludge. Incineration of hospital waste. Incineration of hazardous waste. Metal industry and metal treatment. Wire reclamation. Fires and accidents in PCB- filled. Pulp and paper industry. Incineration of coal, peat, and wood. Inorganic chlorine precursors. Photochemical processes. Comparison of isomeric pattern and congener. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND. TRANSFORMATIONS. 4. Environmental transport. Soil and sediments. Environmental transformation. Abiotic transformation. Biotransformation and biodegradation. Aquatic organisms. Terrestrial animals. Human data. 4. 4. Adipose tissue. 4. Blood plasma. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE5. Water and leachate. Meat and bovine milk. Yusho and Yu- cheng episodes. KINETICS AND METABOLISM OF 2,3,7,8- TETRACHLORODIBENZO- P- DIOXIN (TCDD) AND OTHER PCDDs. Uptake, distribution, and excretion. Studies on guinea- pigs. Studies on hamsters. Studies on monkeys. Metabolic transformation. Studies on mammals. Invivo studies. 6. Invitro studies. 6. Transfer via placenta and/or milk. Matrix effects on the uptake. EFFECTS OF TCDD AND OTHER PCDDs ON EXPERIMENTAL. ANIMALS AND INVITRO TEST SYSTEMS. Invivo studies on mammals. Invitro studies on mammalian cells. Studies on birds. Toxicity of metabolites. Modulation of the acute toxicity. Short- term toxicity. Studies on guinea- pigs. Studies on hamsters. Studies on monkeys. Long- term toxicity. Studies on monkeys. Effects detected by special studies. Wasting syndrome. Hepatotoxicity. 7. Morphological alterations. Hepatic plasma membrane. Biliary excretion. Epidermal effects. Invivo studies. 7. Invitro studies. 7. Effects on the immune system. Histopathology. 7. Humoral- mediated immunity. Cell- mediated immunity. Macrophage function. Effects on the intermediary. Enzyme induction. Studies on rats. 7. Studies on mice. 7. Studies on guinea- pigs. Studies on rabbits. Studies on hamsters. Studies on cows. 7. Studies on chick embryos. Studies on cell cultures. Endocrine effects. Embryotoxicity and reproductive effects. Studies on rabbits. Studies on monkeys. Studies on chickens. Mutagenicity and related end- points. Mutagenicity. 7. 6. Studies on bacteria. Studies on eukaryotic cells. Invivo studies. 7. Interaction with nucleic acids. Cytogenetic effects. Cell transformation. Long- term animal studies on single. Long- term animal studies with mixed. Short- term and interaction studies. Mechanisms of action. Receptor- mediated effects. Impairment of normal cellular regulatory. Endocrine imbalance. Body weight regulation. Plasma membrane function. Impaired vitamin A storage. EFFECTS OF PCDDs ON HUMAN BEINGS - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL. AND CASE STUDIES. Occupational studies - historical perspective. General population studies. Signs and symptoms in humans associated with. TCDD exposure. 8. Skin manifestations. Systemic effects. Neurological effects. Psychiatric effects. Epidemiological studies. Human experimental studies. TOXICOKINETICS OF PCDFs. Uptake, distribution, and excretion. Studies with 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo- . TCDF). 9. 1. 2. Studies with other PCDFs. Metabolic transformation. Transfer via placenta and/or milk. EFFECTS OF PCDFs ON ANIMALS1. Studies on rats. 10. Studies on mice. 10. Studies on guinea- pigs. Studies on rabbits. Studies on monkeys. Short- term toxicity. Studies on rats. 10. Studies on mice. 10. Studies on guinea- pigs. Studies on rabbits. Studies on hamsters. Studies on monkeys. Studies on chickens. Chronic toxicity. Studies on monkeys. Effects detected by special studies. Immunobiological effects. Histopathology. 1. Humoral- mediated immunity. Cell- mediated immunity. Enzyme induction. Studies on rats. 1. Studies on mice. 1. Studies on chickens. Studies on cell cultures. Embryotoxicity and reproductive effects. EFFECTS OF PCDFs ON HUMAN BEINGS1. EVALUATION OF HEALTH RISKS FROM THE EXPOSURE TO. CHLORINATED DIBENZO- P- DIOXINS (PCDDs) AND. DIBENZOFURANS (PCDFs). Exposure assessment. Sources of contamination. Routes of exposure. Toxicokinetics of 2,3,7,8- TCDD1. Toxicokinetics of PCDDs and PCDFs. TCDD. 1. 2. 3. 3. Toxic effects 2,3,7,8- TCDD1. Toxic effects of PCDDs and PCDFs. TCDD. 1. 2. 3. 5. Review of species differences. Human health effects. Human body burden and kinetics. General conclusions. EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES AND THE CONCEPT. OF TCDD EQUIVALENTS. International evaluations. Methodologies used in assessment of. PCDDs and PCDFs. 1. Individual congeners. Mixtures of PCDD and PCDF congeners and. TCDD toxic. equivalents. FRENCH TRANSLATION OF SUMMARY, EVALUATION, AND. RECOMMENDATIONS. WHO TASK GROUP ON CHLORINATED DIBENZO- p- DIOXINS AND. DIBENZOFURANS. Dr U. G. Ahlborg, Unit of Toxicology, National Institute of. Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden. Dr J. S. Bellin, Office of Toxic Substances, US Environmental. Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA. Dr B. Birmingham, Ministry of the Environment, Hazardous Contaminants. Section, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Professor A. D. Dayan, Department of Health and Social Security. St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, United. Kingdom (Chairman). Dr A. Greenberg, Department of Health and Social Security. Division of Toxicology and Environmental Protection, London. United Kingdom. Dr R. D. Kimbrough, United States Department of Health and Human. Services, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Now at the US Environmental Protection Agency Washington. DC, USA). Dr R. Koch, Department of Toxicology, Institute of Hygiene. Gera, DDR. Professor C. Rappe, Department of Chemistry, University of. Umea, Umea, Sweden. Dr S. Safe, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas. Dr H. Spielmann, Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Bundesgesundheitsamt. Berlin (West). Dr J. Vos, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental. Hygiene, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Representatives. Dr A. Berlin, Health and Safety Directorate, Commission of the. European Communities, Luxembourg. Mrs E. Cox, Department of the Environment, London, United. Miss F. D. Pollitt, Department of the Environment, London. United Kingdom. Secretariat. Dr G. C. Becking, International Programme on Chemical Safety. World Health Organization, Research Triangle Park, North. Carolina, USA (Secretary). Secretariat (contd). Dr H. Hakensson, Unit of Toxicology, National Institute of. Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden (Temporary. Adviser) (Rapporteur). Dr E. Johnson, International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Health Organization, Lyons, France. Dr S. Tarkowski, Regional Office for Europe, World Health. Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark. NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA DOCUMENTS. Every effort has been made to present information in the criteria. In the interest of all users of the environmental health. Manager of the International. Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva. Switzerland, in order that they may be included in corrigenda, which. Berlin opened the meeting and. Institute and on behalf of. United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Security, who. Becking addressed the meeting on behalf. IPCS (UNEP, ILO, and. WHO). The Task Group reviewed and revised the draft criteria document. Holmstedt, all of the National Institute of. Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden, and by Professor C. Rappe. of the University of Umea, Umea, Sweden. The. United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Security generously. They do not occur naturally, nor are they. There are 7. 5 positional isomers of PCDDs and. PCDFs. Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs up to 5. For these persons, inhalation and dermal contact are. Data on bioavailability through. The reported half- lives for. The half- life of. TCDD in adipose tissue of the rhesus monkey is about 1 year. The half- life for 2,3,7,8- TCDD has been. Studies on rats have. CDF is more highly retained than is. TCDD. They also appear. None of these populations were randomly sampled. The more. highly chlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs, particularly octa. CDD, are also. present in these samples. Average tissue levels of TCCD tend to. The toxic responses. TCDD induces a wide spectrum of biological effects. A depletion. Not all of these. The most. characteristic toxic effects observed in all laboratory animals are. Chloracne and. related dermal lesions are the most frequently noted signs of. TCDD toxicosis in humans; dermal lesions are also observed in. In contrast, most rodents. TCDD. Many of the toxic lesions are noted. The lowest- observed- effect levels have been reported to be. In two cancer studies in. The incidence of certain hormone- dependent. Thus, it is assumed to be. There are 1. 2 isomers that display higher toxicity, i. CDDs and CDFs with four chlorine atoms. A mixture of two. CDD). has been demonstrated to possess carcinogenic properties in long- term. Arimidex (Anastrozole) Drug Information: Side Effects and Drug Interactions. Serious adverse reactions with ARIMIDEX occurring in less. This may cause difficulty in swallowing and/or breathing; and 3). Common adverse reactions (occurring with an incidence of. The median duration of adjuvant. ARIMIDEX 1 mg and tamoxifen 2. Adverse reactions occurring with an incidence of at least. Table 1. Table 1 : Adverse reactions occurring with an incidence. ATAC trial*Body system and adverse reactions by COSTART preferred term*ARIMIDEX 1 mg(N. In the overall population, angina pectoris was reported. ARIMIDEX arm and 5. ARIMIDEX arm and 3. In women with pre- existing ischemic heart disease. ARIMIDEX and 1. 0% in patients on tamoxifen. In this patient. population, angina pectoris was reported in 2. ARIMIDEX and 1. 3/2. ARIMIDEX and 8/2. Bone Mineral Density Findings. Results from the ATAC trial bone substudy at 1. ARIMIDEX had a mean decrease in. BMD) compared to. Patients receiving tamoxifen had a mean increase in both lumbar spine. BMD compared to baseline. Because ARIMIDEX lowers circulating estrogen levels it. A post- marketing trial assessed the combined effects of. ARIMIDEX and the bisphosphonate risedronate on changes from baseline in BMD and. All patients received calcium and. D supplementation. At 1. 2 months, small reductions in lumbar spine bone. In the primary analysis population for. ARIMIDEX alone), there was no clinically significant change in LDL- C. HDL- C from baseline to 1. In secondary population for lipids. ARIMIDEX+risedronate), there also was no clinically significant change in. LDL- C and HDL- C from baseline to 1. In both populations for lipids, there was no clinically. TC) or serum triglycerides (TG) at. In this trial, treatment for 1. ARIMIDEX. alone had a neutral effect on lipid profile. Combination treatment with. ARIMIDEX and risedronate also had a neutral effect on lipid profile. The trial provides evidence that postmenopausal women. ARIMIDEX should be. National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines for. LDL. elevations. Other Adverse Reactions. Patients receiving ARIMIDEX had an increase in joint. Patients receiving ARIMIDEX had an increase in. The cumulative incidence of new primary cancers was. ARIMIDEX group (1. There were more deaths. ARIMIDEX treatment group. First- Line Therapy. Adverse reactions occurring with an incidence of at least. Table 3. Table 3 : Adverse Reactions Occurring with an. Incidence of at Least 5% in Trials 0. Body system Adverse Reaction*Number (%) of subjects. ARIMIDEX (N=5. 06)Tamoxifen (N=5. Whole body. Asthenia. Pain. 70(1. 4)7. 3 (1. Back pain. 60(1. 2)6. Headache. 47 (9)4. Abdominal pain. 40 (8)3. Chest pain. 37 (7)3. Flu syndrome. 35 (7)3. Pelvic pain. 23 (5)3. Cardiovascular. Vasodilation. Hypertension. 25 (5)3. Digestive. Nausea. Constipation. 47 (9)6. Diarrhea. 40 (8)3. Vomiting. 38 (8)3. Anorexia. 26 (5)4. Metabolic and Nutritional. Peripheral edema. Musculoskeletal. Bone pain. Nervous. Dizziness. Insomnia. 30 (6)3. Depression. 23 (5)3. Hypertonia. 16 (3)2. Respiratory. Cough increased. Dyspnea. 51 (1. 0)4. Pharyngitis. 49 (1. Skin and appendages. Rash. 38 (8)3. 4 (8)Urogenital. Leukorrhea. 9 (2)3. A patient may have had more. Less frequent adverse. ARIMIDEX l mg in either Trial 0. Trial 0. 02. 7 were similar to those reported for second- line therapy. Based on results from. No significant differences were seen between treatment. Table 4 : Number of Patients. Pre- specified Adverse Reactions in Trials 0. Adverse Reaction*Number (n) and Percentage of Patients. ARIMIDEX 1 mg(N=5. NOLVADEX 2. 0 mg(N=5. Depression. 23 (5)3. Tumor Flare. 15 (3)1. Thromboembolic Disease. Adverse reactions reported in greater than. Table 5 : Number (N) and Percentage of Patients with. Adverse Reactions in Trials 0. Adverse Reaction*ARIMIDEX 1 mg(N=2. ARIMIDEX 1. 0 mg(N=2. Megestrol Acetate 1. N=2. 53)n %n %n %Asthenia. Nausea. 41(1. 6)4. Headache. 34(1. 3)4. Hot Flashes. 32(1. Pain. 28(1. 1)3. 8(1. Back Pain. 28(1. 1)2. Dyspnea. 24(9)2. 7(1. Vomiting. 24(9)2. Cough Increased. 22(8)1. Diarrhea. 22(8)1. Constipation. 18(7)1. Abdominal Pain. 18(7)1. Anorexia. 18(7)1. Bone Pain. 17(6)2. Pharyngitis. 16(6)2. Dizziness. 16(6)1. Rash. 15(6)1. 5(6)1. Dry Mouth. 15(6)1. Peripheral Edema. Pelvic Pain. 14(5)1. Depression. 14(5)6(2)5(2)Chest Pain. Paresthesia. 12(5)1. Vaginal Hemorrhage. Weight Gain. 4(2)9(4)3. Sweating. 4(2)3(1)1. Increased Appetite. A patient may have had more. Other less frequent (2% to 5%) adverse reactions. ARIMIDEX l mg in either Trial 0. Trial 0. 00. 5. are listed below. These adverse experiences are listed by body system and are. Body as a Whole: Flu syndrome; fever; neck. Cardiovascular: Hypertension. Hepatic: Gamma GT increased; SGOT. SGPT increased Hematologic: Anemia; leukopenia. Metabolic and Nutritional: Alkaline. Mean serum total cholesterol. L among patients receiving ARIMIDEX. Increases in. LDL cholesterol have been shown to contribute to these changes. Musculoskeletal: Myalgia; arthralgia. Nervous: Somnolence; confusion. Respiratory: Sinusitis; bronchitis. Skin and Appendages: Hair thinning (alopecia). Urogenital: Urinary tract infection. The incidences of the following. These six groups, and the adverse reactions captured in. The results are shown in the table. Table 6 : Number (n) and Percentage of Patients with. Pre- specified Adverse Reactions in Trials 0. Adverse Reaction Group. ARIMIDEX1 mg(N=2. ARIMIDEX1. 0 mg(N=2. Megestrol Acetate. N=2. 53) n(%)n(%)n(%)Gastrointestinal Disturbance. Hot Flushes. 33(1. Edema. 19(7)2. 8(1. Thromboembolic Disease. Vaginal Dryness. 5(2)3(1)2(1)Weight Gain. Post- Marketing Experience. These adverse reactions are. Therefore, it is not. The following have been reported in. 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Containment devices play an important role, especially for individuals who prefer to avoid the risks of interventional treatments, or in whom active treatment is impossible for any reason. Simple clinical interventions. Underlying disease/cognitive impairment. Urinary incontinence, especially in the elderly, has been associated with multiple comorbid conditions including: cardiac failure; chronic renal failure; diabetes; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; neurological disease including stroke and multiple sclerosis; general cognitive impairment; sleep disturbances, e. However, this is often difficult to assess as patients frequently suffer from more than one condition. In addition, interventions may be combined and individualised, making it impossible to decide which alteration in an underlying disease has affected a patient’s UI. Question. In adults with UI, does improving an associated condition improve UI compared to no correction of that condition? Evidence. There is compelling evidence that there is a higher prevalence of UI in women with type 2 diabetes. One study showed no correlation between earlier intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus and the prevalence of UI in later life vs. Few controlled studies have used the occurrence of UI as a primary outcome, or were powered to assess the occurrence of statistically significant UI, or worsening rates against placebo. In most cases, it is therefore not possible to be sure that a drug causes UI. In patients with existing UI, particularly the elderly, it may be difficult or impossible to distinguish between the effects of medication, comorbidity or ageing on UI. Although changing drug regimens for underlying disease may be considered as a possible early intervention for UI, there is very little evidence of benefit . There is also a risk that stopping or altering medication may result in more harm than benefit. Question. In adults with UI, does adjustment of other (non- incontinence) medication improve UI compared to no change in treatment? Evidence. Structured literature review failed to identify any studies addressing whether adjustment of specific medications could alter existing symptoms of UI. Also, there is little evidence relating to the occurrence or worsening of UI in relation to prescription of any specific drugs. Summary of evidence. LEThere is very little evidence that alteration of non- incontinence medication can cure or improve symptoms of urinary incontinence. Recommendations. GRTake a drug history from all patients with urinary incontinence. AReview any new medication associated with the development or worsening of urinary incontinence. C4. 1. 1. 3. Constipation. Several studies have shown strong associations between constipation and UI. Constipation can be improved by behavioural, physical and medical treatments. Question. Does treatment for constipation improve UI? Evidence. Two, large, cross- sectional population- based studies . An observational study comparing women with UI and women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) to controls found that a history of constipation was associated with both prolapse and UI . One RCT found that a multimodal intervention in elderly patients, involving assisted toileting, fluid intake, etc., reduced the occurrence of UI and constipation, while behavioural therapy appeared to improve both . However, there is no evidence to show whether or not treating constipation improves UI, although both constipation and UI appear to be improved by certain behavioural interventions. Summary of evidence. LEThere is a consistent association between a history of constipation and the development of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. There is no consistent evidence in adults that treatment of constipation alone improves urinary incontinence. Recommendation. GRAdults with urinary incontinence who also suffer from constipation should be given advice about bowel management in line with good medical practice. C4. 1. 1. 3. 3. Research priority. Does the normalisation of bowel habit improve UI in patients who are constipated? Containment. Containment is important for people with UI when active treatment does not cure the problem, or when it is not available or not possible. Some individuals may prefer containment rather than undergo active treatment with its associated risks. This includes the use of absorbent pads, urinary catheters, external collection devices, penile clamps for men and intravaginal devices for women. Studies of catheter use are not specific to patients with non- neurogenic UI. Detailed literature summaries can be found in the current ICUD monograph . A useful resource for health care professionals and patients can be found at: http: //www. Question. For adults with UI, is one type of containment device better than another? Evidence. One RCT involving elderly women in care comparing management with pads to indwelling urethral catheter found no difference in dependency level or skin integrity score at six months . Use of an external sheath was compared with indwelling catheterisation over 3. RCT involving elderly men resident in hospital . A short- term (two weeks) crossover RCT in men with UI found that disease specific Qo. L was better when using an external sheath and more men preferred it, compared to pads . For men with light UI, a randomised crossover trial found that a leaf- shaped type of pad was preferred to rectangular pads . A series of three crossover RCTs examined performance of different pad designs for differing populations . For women with light UI, disposable insert pads (within washable pouch pants) were most effective. In adults with moderate/severe incontinence, disposable pull- up pants were more effective for women, whilst for men disposable diapers were more effective during the day and washable diapers at night. Question. For men or women with UI, is one type of catheter or external collection device better than another? Evidence. A Cochrane review summarised three RCTs comparing different types of long- term indwelling catheters and found no evidence that one catheter material or type of catheter was superior to another . A systematic review of non- randomised studies found no differences in UTI outcome or UUT changes between use of suprapubic or urethral catheter drainage; however, patients with suprapubic catheters were less likely to have urethral complications . For people using intermittent catheterisation, a Cochrane review found no evidence that one type of catheter or regimen of catheterisation was better than another . However, there is recent evidence from a narrative review suggesting that in certain populations using single- use catheters may reduce urethral trauma and UTI . A Cochrane review summarising five trials comparing washout policies in adults with indwelling urinary catheters found inconsistent evidence of benefit . There was no difference in outcome at twelve months in women with SUI between vaginal pessary alone; pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone; and vaginal pessary + PFMT, although vaginal pessary was inferior to PFMT at three months for bother from UI. Summary of evidence. LEPads are effective in containing urine. Hinge- type penile clamps are more effective than circular clamps to control stress urinary incontinence in men. Vaginal devices may improve stress urinary incontinence in women in selective groups. Recommendations. GREnsure that adults with urinary incontinence and/or their carers are informed regarding available treatment options before deciding on containment alone. A*Suggest use of disposable insert pads for women and men with light urinary incontinence. A*In collaboration with other healthcare professionals with expertise in urinary incontinence, help adults with moderate/severe urinary incontinence to select the individually best containment regimen considering pads, external devices and catheters, balancing benefits and harms. A*Choice of pad, from the wide variety of different absorbent materials and designs available, should be made with consideration of the individual patient’s circumstance, degree of incontinence and preference. B* Recommendation based on expert opinion. Research priority. To develop methods for assessing the best method of containment for individual adults with UI. Lifestyle interventions. Examples of lifestyle factors that may be associated with incontinence include obesity, smoking, level of physical activity and diet. Modification of these factors may improve UI. Caffeine reduction. Many drinks contain caffeine, particularly tea, coffee and cola. Anecdotal evidence of urinary symptoms being aggravated by excessive caffeine intake has focused attention on whether caffeine reduction may improve UI. However, a cross- sectional population survey found no statistical association between caffeine intake and UI . Lack of knowledge about the caffeine content of different drinks has made the role of caffeine reduction in alleviating UI difficult to assess. Question. In adults with UI, does caffeine reduction improve UI or Qo. L compared to no caffeine reduction? Evidence. Four studies were found on the effect of caffeine reduction on UI . They were of moderate quality and the results were inconsistent. The studies were mainly in women, so results can only be cautiously generalised to men . One RCT showed that reducing caffeine intake as an adjunct to behavioural therapy resulted in reduced urgency but not reduced UI compared to behavioural therapy alone . Another RCT found that reducing caffeine had no benefit for UI . A further interventional study in the elderly showed borderline significance for the benefit of reducing caffeine intake on UI . In a large prospective cohort study there was no evidence that caffeine reduction reduced the risk of progression of UI over two years . However, it is also possible that heavy physical exercise may aggravate UI. |
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